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THE STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING OF BIOLOGY IN THE
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
Science and technology have proved
significantly useful in man’s daily struggle to control his immediate
environment and build a virile world. Specifically, Jegede and Brown (2008)
opined that sound national development emanate mainly from the areas of science
and technology. Okeke (2007) stated that science and technology are like two
inseparable twins that mainly hold the National development and sustainability.
Science is a systematic process of obtaining testable knowledge about nature
and natural occurrences, utilization in careful manner of the observation and
experimentation. Technology, on the other hand is the process of designing and
utilizing techniques to convert resources to material object. Most developing
nations as a result of visible role of science and technology now make frantic
efforts to improve on the study of science and allied science subjects in their
schools, for instance in Nigeria, the National policy on education stipulates
that admission into the Nation’s tertiary institutions should be based on 60:40
ratio of science and Arts related subject respectively (Federal ministry of
Education (FME, 2004).
The study of
biology is essential for nation’s building, scientific and technological
development. With out sound knowledge and wholesome attitude towards biology, the much needed and vouched
technological breakthrough may not be achieved. For instance, the knowledge of
biology is brought to play, in the area of manufacturing and processing
industry, medicine, food production and pharmaceuticals among others. Osuafor
and Okoro (2013) said that science education is imperative for useful living in
any society. It is the centre for producing resources necessary for
socio-economic, scientific and technological development need for advancement
of any nation.
From the above,
notwithstanding much has been said about factor that hinders the effective
teaching and learning of biology and has caused a lot of backward and poor
academics performances of senior secondary school student in Ebonyi State and
Nigeria entirely. The implication of this persistent poor performances of
students in biology due to a lot of factors created greater percentage of them
to fall to get good grades that will take them to higher institution of her
studies. This has been a source of problem to well meaning Nigerians, parents,
governments, researchers and science educators.
Researchers in science education in
Nigeria have continued to seek for ways of improving the situation and maximize
meaningful learning of biology by the students. Biology is described as a
science of life and plays vital roles in the life of every human being. It is
very vast with many decisions including zoology, botany, ecology, genetics,
morphology anatomy, physiology histology, microbiology, biochemistry evolution
and the more advanced cell biology, molecular biology among other. Apart from
the interrelatedness that exists among these branches, biology is close related
with other science subject like agricultural science, chemistry, Geography,
mathematics and physics. Little wonder that biology finds application in many
specialized areas like medicine, pharmacy, food production and processing
industries, biotechnology, genetics engineering, agriculture and horticulture,
agriculture and environmental protection, tourism industry among other (Osuafor
and Okoro 2013).
Considering
biology’s many branches and vast application in every field of human endeavor
as enunciated above the importance of biology in the nations economic
development cannot be over emphasized. It is therefore becomes very necessary
that effort are geared towards finding a last solution to the students academic
poor performances in the subject. To this end several factors have been
identified by researchers as been responsible for the effective teaching and
learning which definitely lead to poor performances. These includes the
following; lack of qualified and experienced teachers, lack of educational
instructional materials like textbook, visual and audio visual aids,
laboratories, conducive learning environment, over loaded syllabuses, lack of
interest on the parts of the students, poor teaching method/interaction pattern
on the parts of the teachers, large class size/high teacher, family background
(Nwagbo, 2011).
Ncharam (2008)
has established that students inability to seat down and study, comprehend what
the curriculum talked about and this highly result to poor performances in
external examination. This also results to general backwardness in
technological and scientific advancement. Akpan (2009) rightly documented that
proper understanding of concept and concentration science related subject and
this contribute to no small measure to better the academics achievement and
performances of students. He went further to say that, to such students there
is therefore no nature of manipulated questions that might be posed to them in
that particular concept that they cannot be able to provide solutions to, since
they have mastery and regular practice of the concept involved in the question.
This would give the students the opportunity to think ethically, manage and use
available resources within their environment effectively to develop the Nation.
1.2 STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
The poor
performance of the secondary school students in Biology examinations (such as
in SSCE and JAMB examinations had been a matter of concern to both the
government and the Nigerian society.
This is because
Biology is one of the most important science subjects since it deals with life
and living things. In addition, a sound knowledge of Biology will prepare the
student for degree programme on such vital courses as medicine, pharmacy,
microbiology, nursing and many others. Despite all the efforts being made by
the various ministries of Education in the country to enhance students’
performance in Biology, the problem still remains. Why do students perform
poorly in biology examination? What are the current methods of teaching biology
in secondary? What are the strategies for effective teaching of biology in
secondary schools? These questions present the problems that necessitated this research.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE
STUDY
The purpose these researches are as follows:
i.. To highlight and discuss the relevance of well-equipped
laboratory to the teaching of biology in the secondary schools.
ii To identify the impact of regular test/assessments both
practical tests and problems — type tests on students’ proficiency in biology.
iii. To ascertain the effect of the use of professional
biology teachers (resources teachers) on the teaching of biology in secondary
schools.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The findings to
be made in this research if implemented will benefit both the teachers and the
students in many ways.
Firstly, study
will boost the understanding of the students on the subject (biology/and will
enhance their performance in biology examinations. It will also help teacher
educators to design an effective training programme for the teachers to improve
their worth such as workshops, seminars, conferences etc.
Secondly, the study will reduce the excessive workload of the
teachers and will provide them with more time to effectively evaluate the
students’ proficiency.
1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of
this study borders on the problems hindering the effective teaching of biology
in the secondary schools. This research will be limited to the biology teachers
of the state owned secondary schools located in Ebonyi L.G.A. of Ebonyi state
1.6 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
This study will be guided by the following research
questions:
i. To what extent does the use of well equipped biology
laboratory affect the teaching and learning of biology in the secondary
schools?
ii What are the impact of regular tests/assessments on
students proficiency in biology?
iii. How does the use of professional biology teachers
(resource teachers) affect the teaching and learning of biology in the
secondary schools?
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