ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW,
PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL
PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE
COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953,
08168759420
TRANSMISSION
OF EBOLA VIRUS ON ANIMAL AND HUMANS
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
Trans
boundary animal diseases may be defined as those epidemic diseases which are
highly contagious or transmissible and have the potential for very rapid spread
irrespective of national borders, causing serious socio economic and possible
health consequences (FAO, 2004). They constitute only a small minority of the
infectious diseases that affect livestock but are dreaded for their suddenness,
acuteness, and the wide spread nature of the losses they can produce (Chris et
al.,1999).
There are two
major types of transboundary animal diseases- the emerging diseases and the
zoonoses (OIE, 2012). According to Morens and Fauci 2013, Emerging diseases can
be classified into newly emerging diseases and reemerging diseases. Reemerging
and newly emerging diseases can be defined respectively as those diseases that
are able to expand their epidemiological spectrum appearing in new geographical
area, affecting new susceptible species which is usually associated with the
acquisition of new genes by an existing microbe; and referring to a completely
unknown pathogen which is detected for the first time. Newly emerging
infectious agents do not arise spontaneously they must recently have come from
somewhere, usually from animal infections, as occurred with HIV infection,
Ebola, influenza and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (Morens and Fauci
2013). Zoonoses on the other hand are diseases or infections which are
naturally transmissible from animals to humans. According to the National
Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) 2013,
approximately 75% of recently emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are
diseases of animal origin and approximately 60% of all human pathogens are
zoonotic.
Transboundary
animal disease outbreaks can be attributed to increasing globalization due to
better sea, land and air transport of people, animals and goods; normadism,
transhumance and movement of refugees
and their animals away from wars and civil disturbances. Outbreaks are
also attributed to changes in livestock production systems due to
intensification and commercialization of livestock farming leading to the
spread of livestock farming into new ecosystems such as tropical rain forests
placing human communities and their farm animals into close contact with a
completely new range of infectious diseases which may have previously only
circulated in wild life reservoirs and may be completely unknown. Global
warming and the decline in government veterinary services and other
infrastructures are also factors that contribute to the increased outbreaks of
transboundary animal diseases (Chris et al 1999)
According to
World Health Organization (WHO) 2014, the Ebola virus outbreak was first
recorded in Zaire (The Democratic Republic of Congo of Central Africa) in the
year 1976. Outbreaks of Ebola virus disease with the exception of the Reston
Ebola virus have mainly been restricted to Africa and its recent outbreak is
classified as the largest ever in nearly four decades of history of the disease
in terms of numbers of cases and deaths. The virus is highly virulent and
contagious often consuming the population but government and individuals’ quick
response to quarantine areas may help to contain an outbreak (WHO, 2014).
TABLE 1:
SHOWING SOME EMERGING/REEMERGING ZOONOTIC TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL DISEASES
(NCEZID, 2014)
DISEASES
INFORMATION Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-Cov) It is caused by Novel
Corona Viruses. First identified in April 2012 and has since been seen in 9
countries- France, Germany, Italy, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United
Arab Emirates and United Kingdom with all cases having some connection with the
Middle East either directly or indirectly. Basic information such as the
natural host, route of entry and mechanism of transmission remains unknown and
about half of the human cases resulted in deaths. Nipah virus encephalitis
Emerged from bats and caused epizootic in herds of intensively bred pigs which
then served as animal reservoir from which the virus was transferred to humans.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Caused by Corona viruses. Emerged from
bats and spread into human population through person to person transmission
then human movement. Influenza
a) H5NI Virus
b) H791 Virus
c) H6N1 Virus
Transmitted
from wild birds to domestic poultry then humans.
First
reported in poultry in China in 2013. Human infection occurs after exposure to
infected poultry or contaminated environments. 137 cases with 45 deaths have
been reported. No cases outside China have been reported.
Commonly
isolated from wild and domestic avian species with no human cases previously
reported until May 2013 when the virus was isolated from a symptomatic 20-year
old woman.
OBJECTIVES
The
objectives of this study are therefore:
To understand the nature etiology of the
diseases and how it is manifested in both man and susceptible animals.
To review the various implications of the
emerging/reemerging Ebola virus on livestock and human population.
To assess the possible ways by which the
trans-boundary animal disease (Ebola) can be controlled.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you
will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account
below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3)
Payment Name (If you made a transfer)
(4)
Teller Number (If you made a direct deposit)
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Our other research websites:
Comments
Post a Comment