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PERFORMANCE OF WEANER AND GROWER PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING GRADED
LEVELS OF SOYBEAN HULL
ABSTRACT
Twenty-four
weaner pigs were used in a study to evaluate the response of weaner and grower
pigs to diets containing graded levels of toasted soybean hull (SBH).In
experiment 1(growing phase), twenty-four male hybrid (large white x landrace)
weaner pigs, about 6 weeks old, weighing 5.92-6.85kg were randomly divided into
four groups of six pigs each using a completely randomized design (CRD). Each
group was randomly assigned to one of the four diets (1, 2, 3 and 4) containing
0% (control), 10, 15 and 20% SBH for 56 days. Each treatment was replicated 3
times with 2 pigs per replicate placed on a concrete-floored pen. The diets
were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous supplying 2800kcal ME/kg
and 18% crude protein. In experiment 2 (finishing phase), twenty-four male
hybrid (large white x landrace ) grower pigs, about 14 weeks old, weighing
9.12-9.90kg were randomly divided into four groups of six pigs each using a
completely randomized design (CRD). Each group was randomly assigned to one of
the four diets (1, 2, 3 and 4) containing 0% (control), 10, 20 and 30% SBH for
56 days. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 2 pigs per replicate placed
on a concrete-floored pen. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and
isonitrogenous supplying 2900kcal ME/kg and 16% crude protein. Daily feed
intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and
feed cost per kg weight gain were determined. At the end of each experiment,
blood samples were collected from two pigs per treatment for haematological
evaluation. Two pigs per treatment were also slaughtered for carcass evaluation
at the end of the finishing experiment.
In experiment
1, results showed that pigs fed the 10% SBH diet had higher(P<0.05) average
final body weight, average weight gain and better efficiency of feed conversion
than those fed 20% SBH diet. Increasing levels of SBH in the diets had no
significant effect (P>0.05) on the PER values. Differences between the
treatments in total digestible nutrients (TDN) were significant (P<0.05).
Feed cost per kg weight gain was reduced at the 10% SBH inclusion level as
compared to other SBH diets. Dietary treatments did not have adverse effect on
the haematology of growing pigs. The overall performance of pigs fed the
soybean hull based diets was not inferior to that of pigs fed the control diet
(0% SBH).
In experiment
2, the 20% and 30% SBH diets supported superior final body weight gain and
growth rate, better feed conversion ratio, higher protein efficiency ratio,
average daily protein intake and feed intake than the control diets(P<0.05).
Inclusion of SBH in the diets reduced significantly (P<0.05) the cost of
feed per kg weight gain, especially at the 30% SBH inclusion level. Pigs fed
the control diets had comparable packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin
concentration (Hb), red blood cell counts (RBC) ,white blood cell counts (WBC),
mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin
(MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values with the groups on SBH diets.
While dietary levels of SBH did not exert significant(P>0.05) influence on
body length, height at withers, lung weight, liver weight, spleen and pancreas
weight; the heart girth circumference, heart weight, kidney weight, live body
weight, and dressed carcass weight were all significantly (P<0.05) affected
by the dietary levels of SBH. The dressing percentage, relative weights of
lungs, liver and spleen were also influenced significantly (P<0.05) by the
dietary levels of SBH, while the relative weights of heart and kidney were not
significantly (P>0.05) affected. It was concluded that toasted soybean hull
can be included in the diet of weaner pigs at 20% level and in the diet of
grower pigs at 30% level without adverse effects on the performance,
haematological values, carcass and organ weights of the animals.
INTRODUCTION
The scarcity
of conventional feeds has hindered the growth of the livestock industry in
Nigeria. The food deficit problem is indeed more serious with protein supply
when compared with the availability of calories. Shortage of protein,
particularly those of animal origin is prevalent in most parts of Africa where
it is estimated that on the average 10g of animal protein is consumed per day
compared to a recommended daily intake of 35g (ILCA, 1980, FAO, 1997).
According to Obioha (1992) and Ogini (2001), the level of consumption of meat
and animal protein in Nigeria is estimated at about 8g per caput per day, about
20g less than the minimum requirement by the National Research Council of the
United States of America. Therefore, there is the need, to increase the
production of such domestic animals as pigs and poultry which are conventional
sources of animal protein. Pig production in particular represents one of the
fastest ways of increasing animal protein, since pigs grow at a faster rate and
are highly more prolific than cattle, sheep and goats. In growth rate pig is
only surpassed by broilers (Holness, 2005). Apart from their high rate of
reproduction, pigs and poultry are characterized by the best efficiency of
nutrient transformation into high quality animal protein (Smith, 2001; Holness,
2005).
Apart from
the poultry industry, pig farming has the highest quick returns on investment.
The high cost of the conventional feedstuff most especially the protein
supplement, necessitated the quest for locally available alternatives that can
substitute for the conventional feedstuffs economically by reducing feeding
cost, thereby making the pig enterprise a more profitable one (EL-Sabben et
al., 1970;Fontenot,1971). The alternative cheap and available feedstuff to be
considered in this study is Soy bean hull. Soybean hulls referred to as soy
hull, soybean mill-run or soybean flakes are by-products of soybean milling
industry which do not attract competition between man and animals. Soybean hull
is readily available when compared to other alternative sources of feed
ingredient. Soybean hull has estimated feeding value of 74-80% of that of maize
when included in moderate to high quantity in maize based diets (Esonu, 1998).
It contains high level of potentially digestible fibre and can replace some or
all grains in the diets of ruminants (Van Soest, 1985). Soybean hull contains
22.75% crude protein, 18.15% crude fibre, 14.60% ether extract, 8.0% ash and
20.90% nitrogen-free extract (Preston, 1989; Esonu et al., 1997; Esonu, 1998).
However the utilization of soybean hull in the feeding of monogastric animals
is limited by the presence of such anti-nutritional factors as trypsin,
chymotrypsin and amylase inhibitors, lipoxygenase, hemagglutinin, phytic acid
and the toxin, soyin and must be heat-treated to destroy them (Ensminger et
al., 1996; Enwere, 1998; Holness, 2005). Besides anti-nutritional factors,
another limitation is its high fibre content. Pigs cannot fully utilize high
fibre diets because they lack the digestive framework that can elaborately
digest large amount of fibre. Although there is scarcity of information on the
utilization of soybean hull, soybean hull has an acceptable proximate
composition and occurs in relative abundance in all seasons, it should be
exploited and evaluated for inclusion in livestock diets.
1.1 Aim and
Objectives
This study is
therefore; aimed at evaluating the growth performance, cost implication, blood
parameters and carcass characteristics of weaner and grower pigs fed graded
levels of soybean hull based diets. The major objectives of the study are as
follows:
i. To
determine the effects of graded levels of soybean hull on performance of weaner
and grower pigs.
ii. To
determine the effects of graded levels of soybean hull on haematology, carcass
and organ weights of grower pigs.
iii. To
determine the optimum inclusion level of soybean hull in the diet of weaner and
grower pigs.
iv. To
determine the cost implication of feeding graded levels of soybean hull to
weaner and grower pigs.
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