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EFFECT OF
CHILD ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
This chapter focuses on the literary works of
scholars that have been done in the area of child abuse and its effect on the
educational performance of secondary school students. The chapter will be
grouped and treated under the following sub headings:
The Concept
of Child Abuse
The Causes
of Child Abuse
The Effect
of Child Abuse on Students Academic.
Factors
Affecting the Consequences of Child
abuse and Neglect
Theoretical
Orientations towards Child Abuse as it affect Academic Performance.
Ways of Preventing
Child Abuse.
2.1 The Concept of Child Abuse
The terminology child – abuse is a compound
word formed from child and abuse. From English definition, child means an
infant, one that is very young, a son or a daughter, offspring; and abuse simply
means an improper treatment or employment of angry or violent attack in word
melted on any one. Psychologically, the term child used to present that
developmental state of man encompassing the early stages of development ranging
from Neonate (few months after birth), early children (1-2 years), pre-school
ages (first to five years and middle childhood (Pre-adolescence).
In chronological term, childhood can be broken
as a teenager. As commonly used by parent, a father or mother would refers to
his or her offspring as a child irrespective of the age. Child in the present
context is any one between the age of one to twenty years who is still largely
dependent on a caretaker for duly survival and maintenance. It is such
dependency that makes the child susceptible to treatment that may be termed
maltreatment from whoever the child is dependent on.
2.2 Causes
of Child – Abuse and Human Issues
The causes are hard to determine, child abuser
come from all income level, geographic area, family settings, religious
background, ethnic groups and residential environment. Some of the causes are
discussed below.
Adults that
were abused as children
There is one
factor that seems related to child abuse. Although, a cause effect sequence has
not be demonstrated. According to Kline, (2007) has reported a clear
relationship between child abuse and neglect. This researcher found that of
children judges to be abuse or neglected, 27% of them where subsequently
enrolled in special education classes. When the question was asked why do these
parents do it? It was found out that child abuse is a psychological problem.
The authors of one study claim that as infants and children all of the
(abusing) parents were deprived both of basic mother care about from the
beginning of their lives (Spinetta and Rigle, 2002).
This statement could be interpreted to mean
that all abused children will grow to become abusing adults; and that any one
who has not been abused as a child will not abused his/ her own children,
because violence is very likely to reject the violence. A child learns violence
as a solution and an outcome when there is family conflict the intense emotion
that accompanies the witnessing of violence by a child enhance the learning
process. The violent lessons of family conflicts are likely to be forgotten.
According Leonard, J.R. (2004) wrote of an
abused child growing up in violent family might not have learnt an alternative
means for dealing with conflict violence. His or her reporting of behavior may
not include such facilitative skills as negative reasoning, exchange of
services or humor. Such a person may know of no other way to deal with a child
than to use physical force. According to Fontana, (2008) suggests that parents
who abuse their children have great difficult in developing trust, a difficulty
that is linked to isolation of parent from family and other social groups.
Isolation has been used to explore violence
towards children in number of studies. For example, Modern and Wrech Smith
(2003) found that child abused has been found in family where there is no
ongoing relationship outside the home. According to Gelles and Straus found
higher audience of violent in a family that has live or in a neighborhood less
than three years. Those who did not attend or belong to any organization in the
community have a much higher rate of child abuse than those who belong to or
attend at least an organization (Straus, 2009).
The child abuse problem is complicated by
guilt on the part of both parent and children. Few children even in the pre –
school years will appear to outside for help. Any parent, an abuse one may be
deeply loved by the child. And it hardly need to be said that very few parent even among those who believe
in physical punishment would consciously feel justified in doing their children
serious harm. According to Younes, (2007) in his write up on “child – abuse and
neglect incidence”, wrote that physical abuse of children by their parent is a
phenomenon of maladjustment that can be diagnosed and treated.
Broken Home
According to
Anykam, (2004), a study of spouses who was involved in divorced action revealed
a significant incidence of violent family behavior. The pattern of violence is
cynical, children who have been abused or neglected group lack trust and are
unable to form a close relationship with their spouse when they marry.They
frequently lack a sense of positive self – esteem and competence. In other
words, they exhibit the helplessness syndrome, such individuals often want
children but when they become parent they have no knowledge of appropriate
child – rearing practices or normal growth and development. As a result, they
may punish a six month old child for crying when this is his only means of
communicating his needs.
Battering usually occurs as crisis when parent
anger and frustration are multiplied; and the parents interpret the child
behavior as being accusatory and rejecting. Children have been ill – treated by
adults throughout history, but are very recently that concern about the issues
has gathered momentum. In order to assess the significant of recent
development, it is important to locate the special reaction to children’s problem
in a wider historical context from the beginning of the century to the 1970s’
concern for children has focus primary on the promotion of society from
children and the control of delinquent youth. The primary concern with children
has been in terms of the prevention of crime and anti – social behavior.
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