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PREDISPOSING
FACTORS TOWARDS THE ORGANIZATION OF YOUTHS SPORTS PROGRAMME
ABSTRACT
The purpose
of this study is to investigate the predisposing factors towards the
organisation of Youths Sports Programme in Surulere Local Government Area of
Lagos State. A total of Two hundred (200) samples of the population from
selected Private Secondary Schools in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos
State using stratified random sampling techniques. Data was collected with the
use of structured self-developed questionnaire.
Data
collected were analysed using the frequency counts and simple percentage for
demographic data while the inferential statistics of Chi-square (X²) were used
to test the four (4) hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings
from reveal that, funds, adequate facilities and equipments, corporate
sponsorship and competent coaches were predisposing factor towards the
organization of youths sports programme in Surulere Local Government Area of
Lagos State. Based on this, conclusions and recommendations were made.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
Sport participation
is as old as man itself. In the Stone Age era, man had to strive hard for food,
hunt animals, farm and look for shelter. During his adventure for daily bread,
he might likely be chased by animals (wild), thereby forcing him to run for his
dear life. Hence, the early man participation in sporting activities was an
instrument for survival. United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force for Development
and Peace defined Sports “as the activity that contributes to physical fitness,
mental well-being and social interactions such as play, recreation, organised
or competitive Sport and indigenous sports and games”. Adedeji (2007) described
sports as a sub-division of games which have common characteristics like
physical performance, standard set of rules to be followed by all concerned
form of opposition.
The emergence of youth sport organizations
during the past half century has resulted in a new aspect of socialization of
children and the nature of their leisure (Coakley 2006). Organized youth sport
in particular is highly valued by many children as a popular extracurricular
activity, with both ‘fun and participatory’ and/or ‘competitive and winning’
aspects.
Many parents
also value organized youth s]port and purposively seek out programs for their
child’s involvement, parents perceive that organized sport programs may help
enhance their child’s physical and social growth and development (Iwasaki,
2005; Coakley, 2006). Organized youth sport is also believed to facilitate
important cultural lessons in the areas of character building, teamwork,
responsibility, cooperation and competition; all attributes that are valued
within a capitalist society (Kinney and Hofferth, 2003).
The
importance of sports to a country cannot be ignored especially among the youth
which serves as prime movers in diverse national issues. Sports develop the
youths physically, socially, mentally and emotionally. Butcher (2008) opined
that sporting activities provides situations that are physically wholesome,
mentally stimulating and society sound. When youths sports are organized,
participation in such sports is seen as a means of correction illness, a medium
for cultural change and a source of revenue generation for the nation (Odejide,
2006).
Organized
youth sport has been a topic of considerable research in recent years,
particularly in demonstrating the benefits of participation. Research has
examined the psychological, moral and physical importance of the sport
experiences as it relates to the child’s growth, development, and performance.
Of significant note are the physical benefits of sport in combating childhood
obesity and countering negative risk behaviors such as alcohol and drug use
(Iwasaki, 2005).
As Coakley
and Donnelly (2009) point out: “organized sports is often a family affair. From
a routine activities perspective, participation in sports programs reduces
boredom and the amount of time youth spend in idle, unsupervised social
contexts. In other words, compared with their uninvolved peers, sports
participants simply have less unsupervised leisure time in which to engage in
risky activities – including violence (Bailey, 2005).
Ogundare (2007) stated that since sports
provide experience that helps achieve purposeful living, it should thus, form
an integral part of National Education Programme. The idea is that if organized
youths sports programs operate in high-risk communities where vandalism,
property crime, drug dealing and gang activity persist, the physical presence
of participants (including adult supervisors and athletes) will discourage
youth from offending in that area (Nichols and Crow, 2004). Sports might have
on the psychological development of young people. Some theorists, for example,
claim that since delinquent youth often seek excitement and stimulation, sports
can offer an alternative to anti-social behavior.
Family
exerts a powerful influence is shaping activity interest and individual dreams
of youths (children) to participate in sports. Yusuf (2203) and Urom (2002)
found out that parents of the Olympic athletes tend to engage in similar
activities.
Organized
youths sports equip individuals with sports skills which he or she use during
leisure time, engage in as a profession or a health enhancing measure; many
youths are made through sports participation. Berger and Littlefield (2005)
pointed out that participation in sports may encourage the development of
favourable personality traits that may enhance popularity. It is therefore the
concern of the researcher is to investigate the predisposing factors towards
the organization of youth sports programme in Surulere Local Government Area of
Lagos state.
STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM:
Private
secondary schools in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos state do organize
inter-school sports competition and inter-house sports Among the Universities.
Sport is organized by the Nigerian Universities’ Games Association, among the
Colleges of Education, sport is co-ordinated by the Nigerian Colleges of
Education Games Association (NICEGA), and the Nigerian Polytechnic Games
Association (NIPOGA) organizes sports competitions among students from
different polytechnics. All these are organized in order to encourage youth’s
performance and also to promote oneness.
In addition
to the growing popularity, youths sports is also significant because parents
are now increasingly involved in and concerned about the participation of their
children in organized youths sports.
In spite of
the above, the organization of youths sports programme has still been
unproductive due to some factors. This study is therefore designed to determine
the predisposing factors towards the organization of youths sports programmed.
PURPOSE OF
STUDY:
The purpose
of this study is to investigate the predisposing factors towards the
organization of youth sports programme in Surulere Local Government Area of
Lagos state.
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS:
Below are
the research questions that will be explored in this study’
1. Will lack of fund be a predisposing
factor towards the organization of youth sports programme in Surulere Local
Government Area of Lagos state?
2. Will lack of adequate facilities and
equipments be a predisposing factor towards the organization of youth sports
programme in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos state?
3. Will lack of corporate sponsorship be a
predisposing factor towards the organization of youth sports programme in
Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos state?
4. Will lack of competent coaches in sports
club be a predisposing factor towards the organization of youth sports
programme in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos state?
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS:
1. Lack of fund will not be significantly a
predisposing factor towards the organization of youth sports programme in
Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos state.
2. Lack of adequate facilities and
equipments will not be will not be significantly a predisposing factor towards
the organization of youth sports programme in Surulere Local Government Area of
Lagos state.
3. Lack of corporate sponsorship will not be
will not be significantly a predisposing factor towards the organization of
youth sports programme in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos state.
4. Lack of competent coaches in youth’s
sports club will not be significantly a predisposing factor towards the
organization of youth sports programme in Surulere Local Government Area of
Lagos state.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF STUDY:
It is widely
believed that participation of youths in sports offers them opportunities to
compete favourably in a cordial atmosphere of healthy, mutual and competitive
understanding. From recent trends of events, sports have proved that it has
something to offer the society. It has been accepted as a means of fostering
the development of physical, mental, emotional and social efficiency as well as
recreational skills.
This study
will provide the benefits of youth sports in private schools in Surulere Local
Government Area of Lagos state and also reveal the predisposing factors towards
the organization of youths sports in private schools in Surulere Local
Government Area of Lagos state.
This study
is expected to point out to the factors that stand as obstacles to making the
organization of youth sports programme possible and successful. It will also
recommend some ways to mitigate or deal with those obstacles, thereby leading
to a positive result that will be beneficial to the youths, the government and
the society at large.
This study
to the society cannot be over emphasized. When youths engage in organized
sports, it helps a great deal in relieving the society of social misconducts.
Organized youths sports is also believed to facilitate important cultural
lessons in areas of character-building, team work, responsibility, co-operation
and competition; all attributes that are valued within a capitalist society
(Hofferth, 2003).
To the
Government at the local, state and national levels, youths sports are of great
benefits. The youth’s participation in sports and sporting events has taken the
nation’s name to greater heights. Nigeria has been recognized through sports
and sporting events.
DELIMITATIONS
OF THE STUDY:
This study
will be delimited to the following;
1. All private secondary schools in Surulere
Local Government Area in Lagos state.
2. Three (3) Private Secondary Schools
within Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos state were selected using
purposive sampling techniques, fifty (50) students from each school making a
total of two hundred (200) respondents from the sampled local government using
Stratified Random Sampling Techniques.
3. The use of well structured questionnaire
form as an instrument for data collection.
4. A total of two hundred (200) copies of
questionnaires were administered to the respondents by the researcher and his
assistants. The entire administered questionnaires were retrieved the same day
to avoid loss.
LIMITATIONS
OF THE STUDY:
The
following limitations are perceived in the course of this study;
1. Negative attitudes of some students
towards research work, the researcher would encourage the respondents to be
optimistic about filling the questionnaire.
2. Reluctancy of some students to fill some
parts of the questionnaires or supply of false information. Researcher
guarantees respondents that all information collected will be used for research
purpose.
OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Youth: the
time of life between childhood and adulthood (maturity).
Sport: This
involves all form of competitive activity through casual or organized
participation aim to use, maintain or improve ability and provide entertainment
to participants.
Organization:
To organize means to put together into an orderly, functional and structured
whole.
Programme: A
written or printed list of events, performers, etc in an event.
Factor: A
latin word meaning “who or which acts”.
Predispose:
to influence.
Facilities:
These are permanent and usually more durable sports structure such as
gymnasium, swimming pool, tenis court, etc.
Equipments:
These are moveable sports materials such as racket, ball hockey sticks, etc.
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