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CIVIL –
MILITARY RELATIONS AND NATIONAL SECURITY: CHALLENGES FOR THE NIGERIAN ARMED
FORCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The
complexities associated with modern battlefields have influenced the crafting
of strategy towards employment of technological products for reasons of
lethality and operational fluidity. Also, humanitarian considerations have
become essential, leading to the adoption of the Manoeuvrist Approach to
Warfare (MAW) in place of the Attritionists’ Approach to Warfare that demonized
the profession through the last centuries. Without prejudice to humanitarian
concerns associated with the MAW, in populated areas remain pronounced, thereby
necessitating military engagement in relieving affected civilian populations.
The
importance of good relation between the military and civil populace cannot be
over-emphasised (NATO Civil-Military Co-operation, 2001:1-1). A number of
internal security operations that the Nigerian Armed Forces is currently
conducting in the Niger Delta and other parts of the country calls for a
co-ordinated approach to the integration of the civilian dimension into
operational plans. This is to avoid misinterpretation, misrepresentation of the
intentions and actions of the military. This is important to ensure that
internal security (IS) operations do not undermine National Security. It is in
this light that this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. What is the relationship between CMR
and National Security?
What are the
effects of CMR on National Security challenges?
Could CMR be
partly panacea to attainment of National Security?
What
policies and strategies are required to guide CMR toward enhancing National
Security?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To establish
a relationship between CMR and National Security.
To highlight
the effects of CMR on National Security challenges.
To establish
that CMR if accorded its deserved priority could be the solution to many
National Security challenges.
To proffer strategies
for CMR as a factor towards solving Nigeria’s security challenges.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
There is a
conventional notion that a country is most secured when its security apparatus
are potent. This has resulted into nation states placing much premium on the
concept of national security often at the detriment of the citizens. This study
therefore, seeks to establish the imperatives of mutual relationship between
military and the civil populace towards solving Nigeria’s Security challenges.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
would contribute towards enhancing alternative ways of handling security
challenges in Nigeria. Its findings would assist the Nigerian State in
formulating policies that would entrench great bond between the military and
civilians in attempt to efficiently handle the nation’s security challenges.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The concept
of national security has permeated in global discourse since the end of Cold
War while CMR is a concept that is just coming on board in Nigeria. In the
course of this study, the period spanning from 1999 till date shall be covered
and only relevant literatures on this concept will be referred to.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
This
research work is impaired by some limitations. The key limitations were of
secondary data to analyse the concept of CMR and national security of other
developed nations. Although, the data
used were from reputable international sources, the authenticity of their
findings might not be insulated from bias. The concepts of CMR and national
security challenges are intangible. Hence, the empirical testing of both
concepts was relatively impossible. However, this did not affect the quality of
research carried out and the outcomes of the findings.
1.8 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The data
used in this study were largely collected from secondary sources. This include
data on some selected countries concepts of CMR irrespective of the names it is
called. Additionally, data were obtained from research of relevant literatures
and publications. These formed the basis for the comparison of the
variables. Furthermore, it aided the
study in assessment of the performance of Nigeria in human security when
compared to selected countries. This study employed both descriptive and
inferential statistics for the analysis of data.
The descriptive statistical tools that
were used were tally method, frequency table, percentages, pie charts and bar
charts. The tally method was used to allocate tally marks to responses to each
answer options. These were then summed up and frequency tables were drawn for
each relevant question indicating the available options and the respective
frequency of response. The percentage
technique was also used to analyze the figures obtained from the frequency
tables and pie charts as well bar charts were used to provide a vivid
representation of the outcome.
1.9 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION
There have
been various schools of thought worldwide on what constitutes CMR. Various
postulations became necessary as the subject helps build cordial relationship
between military and civilians toward achieving nations’ security
collaborations and attainments. CMR found its relevance in Nigeria considering
the unhealthy unprecedented security challenges facing the country. It further
found its relevance as a palliative measure toward solving ethno/religious
insurgences and agitations which have taken a front burner in Nigeria society.
It is evident that there is a direct relationship between CMR and Nigeria
National Security situation. Hence, the need to adopt CMR in totality in Nigeria.
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