ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT
TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE
TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO
PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN
CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
THE EFFECT
OF GLOBALIZATION ON MAINTENANCE AND SUSTENANCE OF ADULT EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
The study
investigated into the effects of globalization on maintenance and sustenance of adult education.
The impact
of globalization on culture and educational system is a major concern. Some
people saw it as a treat for traditional institutions such as the family and
the school, another argument saw benefits in overturning traditional and
developing modern attitudes.
The large
difference in opportunities in education between tribes or ethnic groups in one
of the basic causes of global inequality. People can only contribute and
benefit from globalization if they are endowed with knowledge skills and values
and with the capabilities and rights needed to pursue their basic likelihoods.
The research
findings adopted a survey design with a simple random sampling technique for
the sample size.
A restricted
research questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. A total
of 150 respondents was surveyed and the data
collection was analysed with simple percentage, arithmetic mean and
Chi-Square for respondents bio-data, research questions and hypothesis
respectively. It was concluded that it is necessary that Nigeria should
heighten efforts toward adult education in order to enable the citizens achieve
self-fulfilment and fullness in this 21stcentury.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Globalization
is a complex phenomenon that has had far-reaching effects in Adult Education.
Not surprisingly, therefore, the term "globalization" has acquired
many emotive connotations. At one extreme, globalization is seen as an
irresistible and benign force for delivering economic prosperity to people
throughout the world. At the other, it is blamed as a source of all
contemporary ills.
To different
scholars, the definition of globalization may be different. According to Cheng
(2000), it may refer to the transfer, adaptation, and development of values,
knowledge, technology, and behavioural norms across countries and societies in
different parts of the world. The typical phenomena and characteristics
associated with globalization include growth of global networking (e.g.
internet, world wide e-communication, and transportation), global transfer and
interflow in technological, economic, social, political, cultural, and learning
areas, international alliances and competitions, international collaboration
and exchange, global village, multicultural integration, and use of
international standards and benchmarks. UNDP in Human Development Report (1999)
describes globalization as the increasing interdependence of the world's
inhabitants, on an economic, technological, cultural, as well as political
level. It is seen as a general tendency towards the liberalization of economic
trade, a wider circulation of capital, goods and products, and a
quasi-abolition of national borders. The speed of communication and the
relatively low cost of processing information have caused distances to be
eliminated. The categories of time and space have been completely overturned.
Models of consumption, values, and standardized cultural products thus tending
to make behaviours and attitudes more similar and Wipe out differences across
the globe.
People can
only contribute and benefit from globalization if they endowed with knowledge,
skills and with the capabilities and rights needed to pursue their basic
livelihoods. They need employment and incomes, and a healthy environment. These
are the essential condition which empower them to participate fully as citizens
in their local, national and global communities. These goals, can only be
reached if national governments allocate adequate resources to education, basic
infrastructure and the environment, and create the institutional framework
which ensures broad access and opportunity.
· Global sharing of knowledge,
skills, and intellectual assets that are necessary to multiple developments at
different levels;
· Mutual support supplement and
benefit to· produce synergy for various developments of countries, communities,
and individuals;
· Creating values and enhancing
efficiency through the above global sharing and mutual support to serving local
needs and growth;
· Promoting international
understanding, collaboration, harmony, and acceptance to cultural diversity
across countries and regions.
· Facilitating communications,
interactions, and encouraging multicultural contributions at different levels
among countries.
At the same
time, globalization, potentially creating serious negative impacts for
developing and underdeveloped countries. This is also the major reason why
there have been so many ongoing social movements in different parts of the
world against the trends of globalization' particularly in economic and
political areas. The potential negative impacts of globalization are various
types of political, economic, and cultural colonization and overwhelming
influences of advanced countries to developing countries and rapidly increasing
gaps between rich areas and poor areas in' different parts of the world. In
particular, the potential negative impacts include the following:
· Increasing the technological gaps
and digital divides between advanced countries and less developed countries;
· Creating more legitimate opportunities for a
few advanced countries for a new form of colonization of developing countries;
· Increasing inequalities and
conflicts between areas and cultures; and.
· Promoting the dominant cultures and
values of some advanced areas.
Many people
believe that, education is one of key local factors that can be used to
moderate some impacts of globalization from negative to positive and converts
threats into opportunities for the depot for the development of individuals and
local community in the inevitable process of globalization. How to maximize the
positive effects and minimize the negative impacts of globalisation is a major concern in current
educational reform for national and
given the phenomenon of "globalization", economic growth of the last
decades has been accompanied by a worsening of inequalities in the world and in
particular, inequalities of access to knowledge.
Integration
into world economy todays implies not only mastery of traditional knowledge but
also the capacity to acquire the' new skills required by a knowledge society.
It is therefore evident that an unequal sharing of the new communication and
information technologies only serves to reinforce existing inequalities.
While education
deficits are obviously greater in developing countries, this is a major issue
in developed countries as well. In many industrialized countries there is a
persistent problem of illiteracy and low skills, which is an important source
of social exclusion. Unequal access to education also fuels growing wage
inequality and worsens the income distribution. The uneducated and unskilled in
industrialized countries face severe disadvantage in an increasingly
competitive global market.
However; the
provision of both primary and secondary schooling increased during the 90s
across the globe, but progress is inadequate and hides the differences between
countries and regions. The OECD countries, for example spend 100 times more per
pupil in primary and secondary education than low-income countries. There are
many evidences indicating that the more rapid progress is possible if the
political will and the resources exist, in high- and low- income countries
alike.
All
countries which have benefited from globalization have invested significantly
in their education and training systems. Today women and men need broad based
skills which can be adapted to rapidly changing economic requirements as well
as appropriate basic skills which enable them to benefit from information
technology, increasing their ability to overcome barriers of distance and
budgetary limitations. While Internet technology is not particularly
capital-intensive, it is very human capital-intensive. Sound education policy
also provides an important instrument to offset the negative impacts of
globalization, such as increasing income inequalities, with effects which may
ultimately be stronger than labour market policies.
Education is
a core element of society, and the foundation of democratic choice. The large
differences in opportunities in education "between countries are one of
the basic causes of global inequality. Furthermore, international migration
allows rich countries to benefit from the investments in human capital made in poor
countries - giving them a responsibility to support the education systems where
those investments are made.
The
development of a national qualifications framework is also an important
foundation for participation in the global economy, since it facilitates
lifelong learning, helps match skill demand and supply, and guides individuals
in their choice of career. Access to training and skills development for women
is often hindered by family commitments, indicating a need for childcare
facilities and possibilities for distance learning. Other priorities include
recognition and upgrading of skills for workers in the informal economy and the
adaptation of training to accommodate workers with no formal education.
In today's
global economy and information society, knowledge and information are the keys
to social inclusion and productivity, and connectivity is the key to global
competitiveness. Yet in our unequal world the networked economy is able to
incorporate all that it regards as valuable, but also to switch off people and
parts of the world that do not fit the dominant model.
Technological
capability is essential. Countries need the communications infrastructure and
the production system which can process and use information for development;
and people, must have access to the knowledge and the ability to use it, in
order to participate, take advantage of and be creative in the new
technological environment. That puts education and skills at the centre of a
fair and inclusive globalization.
Online distance
learning could become a powerful tool for developing countries - reducing the
need for expensive physical infrastructure for tertiary and vocational
educational facilities and enabling investments to be made instead in
communications equipment, with curricula and teaching provided through regional
initiatives. The Global Distance Learning Network (GDLN) is one such
initiative. It is a worldwide network of institutions which are developing and
applying distance learning technologies and methods with a focus on development
and poverty reduction.
According to
Ilo (2004) that promoting international understanding, collaboration, harmony,
and acceptance to cultural diversity across countries and regions by promoting
the dominant cultures and values of some advanced areas4 and facilitating
multi-way communications and interactions, and encouraging multi-cultural
contributions at different levels among countries. Clearly, the management and
control of the impacts of globalization are related to some complicated macro
and international issues that may be far beyond the scope of this paper.
The increase
in poverty in the world is the most tragic phenomenon in this era of abundance,
It is the cause of marginalization and the exclusion of increasingly bigger
groups of the world population and in particular, affects children, the young,
and women, As a consequence, we see the development' of cultures of poverty and
marginalization that lock the same people into the cycle of poverty and
reinforce their exclusion,
But it is
'Still the inequality with regard to knowledge that constitutes one of the
biggest challenges of our societies, The traditional raw materials and non
renewable natural resources under threat of extinction no longer occupy the
most important place in the process of production and development. It is
knowledge in itself that has become one of the key resources of economic
growth, We thus see a new category of workers appearing on the scene,
"knowledge workers", Without knowledge, you are subject to marginalization
and progressive exclusion, but the corollary is also true, "The higher the
level of education and training of a country's population, the more chances a
nation has of seizing opportunities and minimizing the social cost of
technological change and the transition towards a more open economy”.
Education
has been proclaimed an integral part of human rights: "It must be free and
compulsory with regards to basic, elementary teaching, Vocational and
technological teaching must be widely available and access to higher education
available to all equally, on the basis of merit."6 Education is also the
driving force behind economic growth and human and cultural development. The
application of policies of compulsory basic education' for all and investment in
quality teaching have meant governments and experts have been able to measure
the impact on populations and the society as a whole, That impact can be seen
in improvement in health, lowering of the rate of demographic growth, reduction
of child mortality and increase in life expectancy, Education also means that
populations become aware of their rights and obligations as citizens and are
thus able to participate actively in the construction and management of life in
their communities.
According to studies undertaken by UNESCO
(1999) as well as by UNDP (1999) the world economic crisis, which dominated the
eighties, spread in virtue of the constraints imposed by economic
globalization, It was also pointed out that "the process of restructuring
and social adjustment that have taken place in most countries and are still
taking place in some, seem to have had a lasting effect on national politics at
the expense of education". The education sector has not yet acquired the
right to benefit from special treatment or to be exonerated from the
application of policies limiting public expenditure in general.
According to
UNESCO in Oladapo (2002) adult education is the entire body of organized
educational process whatever the content, level and method, whether formal or·
otherwise, whether prolonged or replaced initial education in schools, colleges
and universities as well as apprenticeship where by persons regarded as adults
by the society to which they belong develop their abilities, enrich their
knowledge improve their technical or professional qualifications or turn them
in a new direction and bring about changes on their attitude or behaviour in
the two fold perspective of full personal development and participation in
balanced and independent social economic and cultural development.
According to
Okenimkpe (2003) there are 5 types of adult education
1. Literacy Adult Education
2. Remedial Adult Education
3. Vocational Adult Education
4. Leisure Adult Education
5. Foundation/fundamental Adult
Education
Literacy
includes both initial basic and post literacy, foundation/fundamental includes
community development, health extension, family planning, civic and political
education, women's education workers education, nomadic education. Vocational
education which includes on the job training, agric extension, folk school,
continuing education correspondence education, extramural studies, open
universities e.t.c. Leisure or Liberal adult education which includes
continuing education, evening schools, extension education, aesthetic
programme, folk school. Remedial adult education which includes all forms of
education acquired to remedy a deficiency.
The impact
adult education has on the individual can not be overlooked. It builds the
adult, it up grades the adult. Through adult education literacy class, the
literates are able to read, write and compute, through this they acquire first
hand information on what is going on around them they are able to contribute
toward their society and the nation at large.
Through
continuing adult education programmes, the individuals are able to increase
their knowledge and skills, this increases their productivity as they go
through life. Vocational education introduces the individual to new
technological training programmes and refresher courses that will update his
knowledge and skills.
Foundation/fundamental
adult education enables the individual to cope with social and community
development because it involves the introduction of new skills, ideas,
technique, new ways of thinking and new methods of organization. It does not
require any previous educational background. It offers the foundation for a
strong and verile community capable of assuming its place and modern world in
Oladapo (2008).
Adult
education keeps the individual abreast with his rights. The individual is able
to live at peace with others in his community, this is because he now knows
where his right starts and ends. With the awareness of political education, the
individual now understands the right to vote and be voted for this in a way
reduces the issues of thuggery in individual communities.
In other
words, adult education is important to the economic well being of the individual,
it helps him obtain wage employment, the individual who is to be employed needs
a bit of literacy to relate with others.
Even in self
employment the individuals needs adult education to perform more efficiently
and profitably, the mechanic, trader or tailor will carryout their businesses
more efficiently if they partake in continuing education.
Adult
education aids the individual to gain access to information both by word of
mouth and through the media these information are usually useful to the
individuals, information about employment opportunities or other business
opportunities with adult education the individual is more enlightened about his
environment, culture, governance. The individual is able to appreciate and
maintain public infrastructure and amenities through the awareness from adult
education programmes in his community. Through adult education in individual is
able to relate with others and participate in decision making in his community.
With adult education the individual is able to accept change and appreciate his
environment, he is able to tackle problems as they emerge.
Adult
education has helped the individual to know his political, economic, social and
civic rights and as such it advocates for removal of inequalities among the
people thereby promoting egalitarianism.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The
acquisition of learning materials and development of skills of teaching and
institutions for learning, its maintenance and' sustenance of adult education
if found lacking, militates against successful use and application of the
learning that has taken place in the learner.
The best and
perhaps the easiest way to acquire these skills is through exposure,
stimulation and practice.
The more
adults are exposed to some fundamental learning and teaching skills, the more
they are able to put them into practice from time to time. They will easily
master the skills and freely apply them in their solutions of field of work as
well as other life problems both socially, economically, politically and
technologically. Experience has shown that there is reduction of adults that
attend the programme because it is not managed properly in so many of the
centres.
As a result,
the skills acquired are wasted because there is no where to exhibit them like
job opportunities. The adult now feels it’s a waste of time and money and that
he had better run around looking for what he will use to cater for his nuclear
and extended family's lives. In setting out a role for adult education, the
priorities are as to be identified as:
· Consciousness
· arising Citizenship
· cohesion
· Competitiveness
· Community Building
Most
Nigerians are not aware of the efficacy of the new technologic in teaching and
learning process. Lack of individualized instructions in adult education has
not helped the learners to develop their collaborative learning skills,
critical skills, individual interests and abilities and rates of learning.
Besides, in
this 21st century where globalization (the use of information communication
technology in education) has made learning easy, simple for all and sundry.
Nigerians lack the orientation and information of globalization on the
maintenance and sustenance of her educational tradition, culture and norms
(adult education).
The above
problem necessitates the researcher to investigate the effects of globalization
on the maintenance and sustenance of adult education. The societies do not know
that only globalization that can maintain and sustain the adult education.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study
will be an eye opener to the educational administrators, manager, educators,
planners, teachers, students and parents of the positive effects of
globalization in the area of maintaining and sustaining the adult education.
Teachers
will easily deduce the means and methods of instructional methods, and
materials meant for the teaching and learning for adult classes.
The
curriculum planners will come to understand the basic machineries, money, men
and materials that must be put in place in the educational settings of adult
education.
The society
and the adult learners will be informed and learn with ease because
globalization has made learning interesting and fascinating.
1.4 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The purpose
of the study is as follows:
· To examine the meaning and concepts of
globalization.
· To discuss how globalization relates to
adult education.
· To investigate how globalization can
maintain and sustain adults education.
· To examine the effects of globalization
on adult education.
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS:
The
followings are the research questions:
· What are meanings and concepts of
globalization?
· How does globalization relate to adult
education?
· How can globalization maintain and
sustain adu
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following
instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written
material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount
(#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project
topics
(2) Email
Address
(3) Payment
Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after
we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
AFFILIATE
Comments
Post a Comment