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EFFECT OF CHILD HAWKING ON EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT
This research study examined the prevalence of child hawking
and educational development. The study was carried out in Ekpoma, Edo State.
The structured and unstructured questionnaires were used to elicit information
from the respondents. The sample for the study comprised of 120 subjects were
drawn different communities in Ekpoma town. In chapter four, the researcher
present the data and the hypotheses were analyzed using the Chi (X2) Square
statistical techniques. The findings from the study showed that the incidence
of child hawking is high in Ekpoma, and thus, called for serious attention. It
was also found that single parenthood and child hawking, are cases of child
hawking which have effect on the academic development or educational
development of the child. However, it was submitted that the government and law
enforcement agencies can reduce child hawking rate through adherence to the
“child right act”.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background to the
Study
There is no generally accepted definition for the term ‘Child
Hawking’. But it could simply be referred to as the abuse of a child by his
parents or guardian or any other adult. Edu and Edu (1990), describe child
abuse as a willful maltreatment of a child below eighteen years of age into
street sales. Such treatment according to them can include acts of commission
(abuse) and omission (neglect). A narrow definition of child hawking is united
to life threatening, physical violence including severe beating, rape (sexually
harassed) which are inflected on the children by the adult member of the
community. A broader definition however lays emphasis on any treatment other
than the most favorable care and include neglect sexual and or emotional abuse
and exploitation .which ever this social problem is been define the question that comes to mind is “are
children who are God’s given gifts granted freedom, comfort and peace by adults
in the society?
In Nigeria, for example, the rights of citizens in chapter 4
sections 30, 40 of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
guarantees every citizen’s basic and fundamental human rights. Here, the
constitution does not make any destination between the rights of adults and
children to trade. Thus, children are expected to enjoy these rights. With the
menace of child hawking (abuse) in the country, children are being exposed to
all kinds of societal hazards. This study therefore examines street hawking in
Nigeria, with a view of identifying its consequences on children.
Street trading and
child hawking have become a global phenomenon and a global concern. The United
Nations International Children Education Fund (NCICEF) has estimated that there
are 100 and 200 million child labourers across both industrial and developing
countries. Estimates for Nigeria shows that 20% of children between the age of
10 and 14 are involved in child labour and street trading. Nigeria alone is
estimated to have between 12 and 15 million of child hawkers.
According to Human Right Watch (2004) Nigerians have the
largest child labour force in the world. The dramatic increase in child labour
and street hawking in Nigeria can be attributed to several factors. The rapid
population growth of less developed countries, high rates of unemployment,
inflation, low wages and deplorable working conditions have contributed to
incidents of child hawking and child labour, as children attempt to help
support their families (Charles and Charles 2004, Deth 1993). According to Arat
(2002), the proliferation of industries can also be linked to an increase in child
hawking and child labour. Social ills affecting children have been an area of
active empirical investigation.
Indeed numerous studies exist on children who, along with
their parents are and on weekends and holidays. This study will bring to light
the dangers associated with street trading and child hawking as reported by
children who engage in these practices.
1.2 Statement of
Problem
Street trading and child hawking have the potential to
corrupt young minds in two major ways. Firstly, a child that misses school
frequently falls to benefit comprehensively from the education system. This can
mean poor performance in examinations and open the door to examination
malpractices for those seeking a certificate at all cost. This in turn can lead
to incompetent and unlearned graduates with consequences for the nation as a
whole, including increased national illiteracy.
Secondly, street trading and child hawking may also lead to
behavioral patterns inimical to healthy citizenship. They may indulge in negative
activities or criminal acts, such as prostitution, armed robbery, and pick
pocketing and face imprisonment. (Humert, 2009 and Humphrices, 2010). Many
government policies have been put in place to curb the issue of child hawking
and child labour, but all to no avail. This probably is as a result of the low
economic status of most Nigerians who barely earn enough to feed themselves and
their children. Oruwari (1996); Okojie (1987) and Aderinto (2000) linked the
phenomenon of child hawking and educational development to socio economic
status of poor parents who subsist at the periphery of the urban economy.
This research will offer solutions to the menaces of child
hawking and child development. It is believed that the solutions discussed
below will reduce the menace to its absolute minimum in the course of this
discussion this study will also attempt to address the following questions why
do parent engage their children in street trading and child hawking? Are
parents happy about this situation considering the dangers involved? Why have
the policies of government not succeeded?
1.3 Objectives of
Study
1. To examine the
causes of child hawking in Ekpoma
2. To examine the
consequences of child hawking on children.
3. To examine the
relationship between child hawking and development.
4. To examine the
relationship between child hawking and academic performance.
1.4 Research
Hypothesis
1.There is a relationship between poverty and child hawking
2.There is no relationship between polygamous family and
child hawking
3.There is a relationship between singly parenthood and child
hawking.
1.5 Scope of Study
The scope of study shall lay emphasis on the effect and
consequences of child hawking on child development in Ekpoma. Also, this study
examines the relationship with child hawking and development.
Furthermore, this study examines government policies on how
to eradicate child hawking in Ekpoma and Nigeria at large.
1.6 Significance of Study
Existing literature portray little information about child
hawking and development. This study is therefore important because it will
reveal child hawking practices in Ekpoma. Also, the importance of this study is
to give an insight to those who will like to carry out a similar research on
this topic in the nearest future.
1.7 Definition of
Terms
1. Child: This is used in this study as a young human being
the age of puberty. In other words, a young individual below the age of 18
years.
2. Street hawking: The act of selling of goods or foodstuffs
and other items on the streets. It can also be described as act of selling,
offering or exposing for sale any article in a public place.
3. Child labour: This simply means the use of children by
other adults e.g. parents/guardians for economic purpose that brings income to
such adults. UNICEF defines child labour as work that exceeds a minimum number
of hours depending on the age of a child (especially those below 18 years) and
on the type of work.
4. Abuse: As used in this study mean maltreatment of a person
in an unjust or undesired manner. Therefore, the term child abuse refers to the
physical or emotional or social mistreatment of children. World Health
Organization (WHO, 2009) define it as any act or failure to act that which
violates the rights of the child, to endanger his/ her optimum health, survival
and development.
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