THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS (A CASE STUDY OF COMMUNITY SELF-HELP ORGANIZATION IN AWGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)
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THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS
(A CASE STUDY OF COMMUNITY
SELF-HELP ORGANIZATION IN AWGU LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA)
ABSTRACT
THIS
RESEARCH WORK IS DESIGNED PRIMARILY TO EXAMINE AND ASSESS THE ROLES BEING
PLAYED BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS. THE
WORK IS ALSO DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY THE CAUSES OF THE LOW RATE OF INVOLVEMENT OF
THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AND THE
POSSIBLE WAYS OF MAKING THEM MORE IDEALLY EFFECTIVE. THE STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT PRINCIPALLY ON COMMUNITY SELF-HELP ORGANIZATION IN
AWGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA. A TOTAL POPULATION OF 100 WAS SELECTED AS SAMPLE
SIZE THROUGH SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
OF DATA COLLECTIVELY WERE USED BY THE RESEARCHER WHICH INCLUDE ORAL INTERVIEWS
AND QUESTIONNAIRES, TEXTBOOKS, JOURNALS,
DOCUMENT AND NEWSPAPER. THE RESEARCHER DESIGNED ONE HUNDRED
AND TWENTY (120) QUESTIONNAIRES BUT ONE HUNDRED (100) WERE SELECTED RETRIEVED.
STATISTICAL TOOLS WERE ALSO USED FOR THIS RESEARCH WORK. QUESTIONNAIRES WERE
EMPLOYED IN CARRYING OUT THIS RESEARCH BASED ON THE HISTORICAL NATURE. THE
RELEVANT INFORMATION WHICH HELP AND SERVED AS THE FOUNDATION AND CONSTRUCTION
OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES WERE THE THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
RELATED LITERATURE BASED ON THE ROLES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OR RURAL AREA.
CONCLUSIVELY, LACK OF BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE PROBLEMS OF INADEQUATE
ORIENTATION REDUCES THE NUMBERS OF PROJECTS BEING CARRIED OUT BY THE
DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS. GOVERNMENT SHOULD ENDEAVOUR TO PROVIDE OUR RURAL
AREAS WITH THE BASIC SOCIAL AMENITIES SO THAT THESE NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
WILL NOT BE DISCOURAGES BY THE
ALARMING FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT THAT COULD MAR THE PROVISION OF
THESE AMENITIES BEFORE THE OPERATION OF THEIR ORGANIZATIONS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page -------------------------------------------- i
Approval
--------------------------------------------- ii
Dedication------------------------------------------- iii
Acknowledgements--------------------------------- iv
Abstract---------------------------------------------- vi
Table
of contents----------------------------------- viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
---------------------------------- 1
1.1
Background of the
study-------------------- 5
1.2
Statement of the
problem------------------- 8
1.3
Purpose of the
study------------------------- 9
1.4
Significance of the
study-------------------- 10
1.5
Research questions
------------------------- 11
1.6 Scope of the study--------------------------- 12
1.7 Limitation of the study --------------------- 12
1.8 Definition of the terms --------------------- 13
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Introduction -------------------------------- 15
2.1 The
concept of Non-governmental Organization 15
2.2 The concept of Rural Development-------- 24
2.3 Registration
of Non-Governmental Organization 26
2.4 Importance of Registering an NGO --------- 27
2.5 Types of Non-Governmental Organization - 29
2.6 Objectives of Rural Development ------------ 33
2.7 Community Self-Help in Development ------ 34
2.8 Non-Governmental Organization as a means
to
improve Rural Development --------------- 39
2.9 Summary
of Literature Review --------------- 41
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Research Methodology-------------------------- 42
3.1
Brief outline of the study
---------------------- 42
3.2 Design of the study----------------------------- 43
3.3
Area of the study------------------------------- 43
3.4
Population of the
study----------------------- 43
3.5
Sample of the study--------------------------- 44
3.6
Instrument for data collection -------------- 44
3.7
Validation of the instrument
---------------- 45
3.8 Distribution and Retrieval of instrument -- 45
3.7
Method of data analysis----------------------- 46
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Data Presentation and Analysis ------------ 47
4.1
Presentation of Findings ---------------------- 47
4.2
Findings
----------------------------------------- 59
CHAPTER
FIVE
Summary
of findings, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.0
Summary of findings--------------------------- 60
5.1 Conclusion -------------------------------------- 63
5.2
Recommendations ----------------------------- 65
References
-------------------------------------- 67
Appendix
---------------------------------------- 69
Questionnaire
---------------------------------- 70
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Over the years, successive
Non-Governmental Organization Agencies in Nigeria have demonstrated appreciable
interest towards the provision of amenities to both the rural and urban
population of the country. The interest shown by this non-governmental
organizational agency could be derived from their genuine intention of
uplifting the living standard of the people. There is therefore no gain saying
the fact that there have been some noticeable increase in educational
institutions, health care centers, road constructions, water supply and so on
as they strive to impress the people. Experience has shown that the provision
and maintenance of amenities cannot be handled by government alone because it
will be too onerous for government to satisfy the needs of all communities,
bearing in mind the limitation of time and resource. It is therefore, necessary
for the agencies of government to educate the people to appreciate the fact
that the transformation of their country for enhancement of their standard of
living should be a joint responsibility between the rural areas and the
government or it’s agencies. This is why series of reforms and restructuring
have been undertaken at local government level, all in an attempt to make it
more responsive to the yearnings and aspirations of the people. It is also
aimed to evolving an efficient and functional administrative and resources
allocation system that will make for rapid growth and modernization of rural
areas.
The impact of Non-Governmental
Organizational Agencies (NGO’s) in rural development has attracted the
attention of some great scholars. Nnoli (1981) refers development as “a natural
fact in which the individuals and society interact with their physical,
biological and inter human environment transforming them for their own benefit
and that of humanity at large”.
Also Aroh (1997) viewed rural
development as a process whereby rural dwellers come together to perform
various functions in order to give a face lift to their immediate environment
or rural area.
Also Obasi, Oko and Nnamdi Erondu (2010)
viewed rural development as the improvement of the living standard of the
people of low income population risiding in rural areas and making the process
of their development self-sustaining. The United Nations children rural (1995)
perceive NGO’s as organizations or loose association which are composed of
people working together to address a need. They give basic elements of NGO’s.
i)
An NGO is primary an intermediate
organization that is development oriented.
ii)
Non – profit oriented
iii)
Non-government in term of
organization, membership and funding
iv)
A voluntary organization.
In all, Non-Governmental Organization
agencies role in rural development is aimed at making people self-reliant, able
to participate in national development. It also ensure that both the rural and
urban areas the provision of the necessary assistance, like funds, legal and
structural framework, and technical and managerial expertise necessary for the
programmes (Aroh, 2002).
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The
study was carried out in Awgu Local Government Area of Enugu State in Nigeria. The local
government area occupies an area of about 200 square kilometers with an
estimated population of 8,000 people (NPC, 1991). The local Government is
bounded in the east by Orji Local Government, in South by Udi Local Government,
in West by Abia State and in North by Ani-nri Local
Government.
In
these very local government which is Awgu more than 90% (90 percent) of the
inhabitant living in the rural area of the local government area are Igbo’s who
are mainly from Enugu while the remaining percentage are people from other
parts of the country who must have come to settle in the area for the search of
green pastures, such as farming, trading, schooling and business. The local
government comprises of different communities like Agbo-Ogwugwu, Mgbidi, Mmaku,
Ihe, Ituku, Ozalla, Owerre Court,
Mpu etc. The occupation of the people is teaching, farming, trading, civil
servants etc. The Awgu co-operative union was formed in 1980 and it is one of
the first co-operative formed in that area during that period and it’s aim is
to help to improve the living standard of the people by indulging them into
contributing money which is likely known as (Isusu), so that any member that is
in need of capital can take loan from the cooperative and later pay back
without interest. After the 1980 co-operative come another one in (1982) which
is called the Umuene co-operative after that came another one in 1986 named
Umuanioke co-operative and all this tends towards enhancing the living standard
of the rural dwellers and making life easier for them. This union has been
noted to be a well recognized union of the development of the rural area and
also has help in extending arms to the less privileged in the rural areas.
There was a remarkable thing done by these Awgu co-operative union on September
(2002) they bought chairs and desks for the whole primary school in Awgu Local
Government Area, also in December 2004 the Awgu co-operative donated bags of
rice and wrappers to the widows in the rural areas. The Agwu history is
something one cannot forget in a haste, the people of Awgu are people of
integrity, honesty and responsible, as I was told the Awgu people are known for
their hard work, zeal to help one another and have the spirit of oneness and
believe in teamwork from the above indication it means that they live a life
worthy of emulation.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Through
the rural dwellers non-governmental organizations have continued to play a
significant role in rural development by producing food and agricultural raw
materials for export and local consumptions but yet so many rural areas still
lack the basic amenities of life such as good roads, postal services and communication
e.g. MTN Network, Nitel, Glo, Airtel, Etisalat etc Anyanwu (1981). The
unbalance in provision of these basic amenities and infrastructural between the
rural and urban areas have occasioned an unprecedented rural urban daft with a
depressive effects on the rural economy which the facts has been established in
a way whereby the non-governmental organizational agencies is constrained in
it’s efforts to provide citizens with all the required social and basic
amenities for comfortable living Anyanwu (1992). The truth is that
Non-Government Organizations have been established by various community
members, who came together to compliment the effort government.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
main purpose of this study is to highlight the role of the Awgu co-operative
development union, Awgu local government while specific objectives of the
research work are:
a.
To ascertain the personal
characteristics of each member of the Awgu co-operative development union,
Awgu.
b.
To ascertain the level of
contributions of non-governmental organizations for rural development.
c.
To examine the structure of the
development union.
d.
To identify the constraints
encountered by the Awgu co-operative development union in their rural
development effort.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
importance of this study is to ascertain the benefit of Ngo’s to the society.
It also include the beneficiaries and this means those who benefit from these
study and they are:- Teachers, Student, Farmers, Communities/Villagers and
society at large.
However,
it is important to note immense contribution made by Ngo towards enhancing the
standard of living of the people and also reduce the burden of over dependency
on Government.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In
order to achieve the objective of this research work the following research
questions are designed to adviere that:
i.
What are the contributions of
non-governmental organizations agencies in rural development in Awgu local
government?
ii.
To what extent are people at the rural
area involved in the development of their area?
iii.
In what ways do the people of the
community involved in taking the decision for the maintenance of their area?
iv.
To what extent are the people of the
rural area initiating programmes and projects for the development of the rural
areas.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
scope of the study is the impact of non-governmental organizations in rural
development with particular reference to Awgu co-operative union in Awgu Local
Government Area of Enugu State as a yardstick for other state of Nigeria as
regards to development of rural areas.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In
carrying out this research work I encountered so many obstacles. There were
difficulties in getting the respondents, because most of them have gone to farm
and some to market etc.
Some
of them were afraid of feeding me with the proper information because to them
they are seling out the secret of their community or area. I lacked the
financial resources which affected the research negatively.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
In
order to give easy comprehension of the entire research, it is required that
some terms of importance used should be defined. Such terms are as follows: -
Government:
Can be defined as an institution of a state whereby the interest, welfare and
need of the citizens are been protected.
Organization:
Is defined as a highly rationalized of persons co-operating with one another to
announce and achieve a specific goal.
Community:
Referred to as a relatively small isolated centre with a stable population in
which all economic and social service necessary for life can be realized.
Rural:
A part of society that is relatively more natural than artificial.
Development:
It involves improvement, progression, enhancement and change in economic,
social socio-cultural, infrastructure, political of a state, development is a
multidimensional changes in nature and attitudes of one’s life.
Role:
It is referred to as the objectives.
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